But his sapient mind travels with more ease and comfort in four dimensions than his human body does in three. As expressed by Hill:Įver since the first Palaeolithic man ventured afloat in a hollow tree-trunk, Homo sapiens has been striving to adapt his reflexes to movement in three planes. Indeed, the etymology of the English word nausea is from the Greek word naus, meaning ship, or nautēs, meaning sailor. Hippocrates wrote on sea sickness ( 172). Motion sickness has been recognized for centuries, especially in the form of seasickness ( 82). Alternate theories positing that motion sickness facilitated the avoidance or elimination of neurotoxins cannot account for the rarity of motion sickness in infants and toddlers. Such a negative reinforcement mechanism would have functioned much like pain to strongly motivate behavior-preserving evolutionary fitness. Motion sickness may have evolved as a negative reinforcement system designed to terminate motion involving sensory conflict or postural instability that would have impaired evolutionary fitness via injury or signaling weakness and vulnerability to predators ( 23 124). There is a wide range of susceptibility to motion sickness as well as considerable variability in the relative prominence of the clinical manifestations, but all healthy unmedicated individuals can become motion sick with sufficient provocative stimuli ( 124). Motion sickness can produce uncomfortable or unpleasant and sometimes incapacitating manifestations, but the most common include pallor, cold sweating (diaphoresis), anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. It typically occurs with unfamiliar motion to which an individual has not adapted. Motion sickness, or kinetosis, is a normal response to complex motion stimuli of sufficient intensity and duration. Transdermal scopolamine (l-hyoscine) is probably the most effective available medication for prevention of motion sickness.
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